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儒家学说中关于“天”的观念和信仰及其历史演变
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摘要：本文认为，儒家学说中的“天”具有宗教意义，自秦汉至宋明，它经历了一个从既有道德理性又有好恶等意志情感的“天”到只有道德理性没有具体情感意志的“天”的历史演变过程；与此相应，“天”主宰世界的方式，也从直接通过天人之间的相互感应转变为一种间接的方式，即通过“天命”使“天理”内在于万物和人类，从而使万物和人类直接受其天赋之理（性）的支配。
关键词：儒家； 宗教； 信仰； 天； 理； 性
Belief of “heaven” and the concept of “heaven” in Confucianism and their historical developments
Abstract: This paper holds that, “heaven” in theories of Confucianism possesses religious sense. From the Qin and Han dynasties to the Song and Ming dynasties, it experienced a developmental process from the “heaven” having will and sentiments with both ethic rationality and likes & dislikes to the “heaven” only with ethic rationality but without sentimental wills. Corresponding to this, the mode by which the “heaven” governing the world also changed from directly through mutual influences between heaven and human to an indirect mode, i.e. letting the “heaven principles” intrinsically locating in the myriad things and human through the “mandate of heaven”, and thus making the myriad things and human directly dominated by their innate Idea or nature.
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