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恐惧修省与观象进德——《周易·大象》成书之时代与思想特色
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摘要：本文指出，《大象》强调观象“恐惧修省”，这正好是《大象》早出，成于《左》《国》或春秋晚期孔子时代的证据，因而早于《彖传》。“观象修省”指为政者观上天示警之象而对自己为政过错的反省。而“观象进德”的思维方式，与曾、孟强调的个人内心反省大不相同，是以《易》之象为教之文本或学之文本的表现，其性质是正面观象而进德、修德。
关键词：大象；观象修省；观象进德
Fearing & introspecting & self-cultivating and expanding virtue by observing the images：
On the time when Da Xiang was compiled and Da Xiangs ideological characteristics
Abstract: The paper points out that Da-xiang (the Great Image, a chapter of the Commentaries in the Book of Change) emphasizes fearing, introspecting and self-cultivating by observing the images of the hexagrams to grasp their implied meaning. This just can prove that Da-xiang was compiled in the time when the history books of Zuo Zhuan and Guo Yu were compiled or in the late Spring & Autumn period when Confucius was living, earlier than the compilation of Tuan Zhuan (a chapter of the Commentaries in the Book of Change). Introspecting and self-cultivating refers to governors introspect their mal-governance by observing the images of warning from the Heaven. Different from the inner-mind introspection stressed by ZENG Zi and Mencius, thinking mode of expanding virtue by observing images regards Yis images as the implication of learning or edification text, the quality of which is to directly observe the images implied meaning to expand virtues and cultivate oneself.
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