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市场网络或企业组织：明清纺织业经营形式的制度选择
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Market net or enterprise organization: institutional selection of operations in the spinning and weaving industries in Ming and Qing dynasties
It is an institutional selection by contrasting transaction cost with efficiency whether the firm substitutes for the market. Comparing to Western Europe, there are some institutional obstructs when labor market substitutes for commodity market in which system is developed in Ming and Qing Dynasties, while the cost of firm organization is too high. It is more efficient by market net than by firm organization that the division and specialization is realized. It is the high cost of improvement of production implements that hinder the capital controlling directly and managing the producing course. There is universal significance with historical rationalization under the phenomenon not only in individual industry or in dynastic history that the operations are typically in the form of putting-out system in the spinning and weaving industries in Ming and Qing dynasties.
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